{"id":16392,"date":"2024-01-24T12:52:17","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T09:22:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/"},"modified":"2024-01-24T12:52:17","modified_gmt":"2024-01-24T09:22:17","slug":"%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 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href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%85%d8%b2%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%a7_%d9%88_%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%a8_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\" >\u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86\" 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ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7\" >\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af_%d9%be%d8%b3_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%db%8c%da%a9_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%db%8c%da%af%d8%b1\" >\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f 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href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%db%8c%da%a9_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\" >\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81_%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\" >\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81_%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7\" 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href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81_%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1_%d8%a8%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3_%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1\" >\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%85%d8%b9%da%a9%d9%88%d8%b3_%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%86_%db%8c%da%a9_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\" >\u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%a2%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b4_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d9%81%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\" >\u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa\" >\u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0633\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4_%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81\" >\u062a\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4_%d9%85%d8%b9%da%a9%d9%88%d8%b3\" >\u062a\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa-%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%86%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%ac%d9%87\" >\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 10<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647<\/span><\/span><p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div><noscript><\/noscript><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"introduction\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%db%8c\"><\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646  \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a 1 \u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a 2 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 <em>\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/em>\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 node \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 node \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f node \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647  \u062f\u0631 <em>\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647<\/em>\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 node \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 node\u060c \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc node\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f node.  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 node \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc node \u067e\u0648\u0686 \u0627\u0633\u062a (<code>None<\/code> \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646).  \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 node \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc node \u067e\u0648\u0686 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"prosandconsofadoublylinkedlist\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%85%d8%b2%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%a7_%d9%88_%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%a8_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\"><\/span>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"pros\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86\"><\/span>\u0637\u0631\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.  \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f node \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 node \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645. node \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a node \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 node \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"cons\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%85%d9%86%d9%81%db%8c\"><\/span>\u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f. node.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641\u060c \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"implementingthedoublylinkedlistwithpython\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%be%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87_%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87_%d8%a8%d8%a7_%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\"><\/span>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a 1 \u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a 2 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-class\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">Node<\/span>:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">__init__<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self, data<\/span>):<\/span>\n        self.item = data\n        self.nref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n        self.pref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>Node<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648: <code>item<\/code>\u060c <code>nref<\/code>\u060c \u0648 <code>pref<\/code>.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 <code>item<\/code> \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f node.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 <code>nref<\/code> \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f node\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 <code>pref<\/code> \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f node \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>DoublyLinkedList<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-class\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">class<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">DoublyLinkedList<\/span>:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">__init__<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self<\/span>):<\/span>\n        self.start_node = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2 id=\"insertingitemsindoublylinkedlist\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%d8%b1_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\"><\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"insertingitemsinemptylist\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%d8%b1_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%db%8c\"><\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>insert_in_emptylist()<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">insert_in_emptylist<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self, data<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        new_node = Node(data)\n        self.start_node = new_node\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"list is not empty\"<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 <code>self.start_node<\/code> \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a <code>None<\/code> \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f <code>None<\/code>\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f node \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f <code>data<\/code> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 <code>insert_in_emptylist()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634.  \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 <code>self.start_node<\/code> \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc new \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a node.  \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 <code>insert_in_emptylist()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0647 <code>DoublyLinkedList<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"insertingitemsatthestart\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%d8%b1_%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9\"><\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>insert_in_emptylist()<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f node\u060c \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f node \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f <code>self.start_node<\/code><\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>self.start_node<\/code> \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc node \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f node<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c <code>self.start_node<\/code> \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f node<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>insert_at_start()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">insert_at_start<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self, data<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        new_node = Node(data)\n        self.start_node = new_node\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"node inserted\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n    new_node = Node(data)\n    new_node.nref = self.start_node\n    self.start_node.pref = new_node\n    self.start_node = new_node\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"insertingitemsattheend\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7\"><\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>insert_in_emptylist()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f <code>None<\/code>.  \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc node \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f <code>None<\/code> \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 node \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a node.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a node\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 node \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a node:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">insert_at_end<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self, data<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        new_node = Node(data)\n        self.start_node = new_node\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n    n = self.start_node\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> n.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        n = n.nref\n    new_node = Node(data)\n    n.nref = new_node\n    new_node.pref = n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"insertingitemafteranotheritem\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af_%d9%be%d8%b3_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%db%8c%da%a9_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%db%8c%da%af%d8%b1\"><\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 <code>\"list is empty\"<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 node \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0634\u062f\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645.  \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 node \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 node<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a node \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a node\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 node \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 node<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 node<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">insert_after_item<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self, x, data<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"List is empty\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n        n = self.start_node\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n            <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.item == x:\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">break<\/span>\n            n = n.nref\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n            <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"item not in the list\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n            new_node = Node(data)\n            new_node.pref = n\n            new_node.nref = n.nref\n            <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n                n.nref.prev = new_node\n            n.nref = new_node\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"insertingitembeforeanotheritem\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af_%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%db%8c%da%a9_%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af_%d8%af%db%8c%da%af%d8%b1\"><\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a&#8221; \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 node \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0634\u062f\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 node \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 node.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 node\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a node.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 node.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 <code>insert_before_item()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">insert_before_item<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self, x, data<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"List is empty\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n        n = self.start_node\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n            <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.item == x:\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">break<\/span>\n            n = n.nref\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n            <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"item not in the list\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n            new_node = Node(data)\n            new_node.nref = n\n            new_node.pref = n.pref\n            <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.pref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n                n.pref.nref = new_node\n            n.pref = new_node\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"traversingadoublylinkedlist\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%db%8c%da%a9_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\"><\/span>\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">traverse_list<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"List has no element\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n        n = self.start_node\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n            <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(n.item , <span class=\"hljs-string\">\" \"<\/span>)\n            n = n.nref\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"deletingelementsfromdoublylinkedlist\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81_%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\"><\/span>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"deletingelementsfromthestart\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81_%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7\"><\/span>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc node \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 <code>None<\/code>.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645.  \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u0628\u0647 <code>None<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">delete_at_start<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"The list has no element to delete\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        self.start_node = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n    self.start_node = self.start_node.nref\n    self.start_prev = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"deletingelementsfromtheend\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81_%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7\"><\/span>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u0628\u0647 <code>None<\/code>.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645 node\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 node \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 node\u060c \u0628\u0647 <code>None<\/code> \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f node:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">delete_at_end<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"The list has no element to delete\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        self.start_node = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n    n = self.start_node\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> n.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        n = n.nref\n    n.pref.nref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"deletingelementsbyvalue\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81_%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%b1_%d8%a8%d8%b1_%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3_%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1\"><\/span>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a <em>\u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646<\/em> \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062a\u06a9 \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">delete_element_by_value<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self, x<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"The list has no element to delete\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.item == x:\n            self.start_node = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n            <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"Item not found\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span> \n\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.item == x:\n        self.start_node = self.start_node.nref\n        self.start_node.pref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n\n    n = self.start_node\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> n.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.item == x:\n            <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">break<\/span>;\n        n = n.nref\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        n.pref.nref = n.nref\n        n.nref.pref = n.pref\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.item == x:\n            n.pref.nref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n            <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"Element not found\"<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>delete_element_by_value()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u062f node \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0622\u0646 node.  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n    <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"The list has no element to delete\"<\/span>)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span> \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>self.start_node<\/code> \u0628\u0647 <code>None<\/code> \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.item == x:\n        self.start_node = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"Item not found\"<\/span>)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span> \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>delete_at_start()<\/code>.  \u06a9\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node.item == x:\n    self.start_node = self.start_node.nref\n    self.start_node.pref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 node \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc node \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f node \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc node \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 node \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a node\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 node \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 node \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a <code>None<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">n = self.start_node\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> n.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.item == x:\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">break<\/span>;\n    n = n.nref\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.nref <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n    n.pref.nref = n.nref\n    n.nref.pref = n.pref\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> n.item == x:\n        n.pref.nref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">else<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"Element not found\"<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"reversingadoublylinkedlist\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%85%d8%b9%da%a9%d9%88%d8%b3_%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%86_%db%8c%da%a9_%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\"><\/span>\u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 node \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc node \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f node \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 node \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f <code>None<\/code> \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 node \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f node<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627 (\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 node) \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-function\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">def<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-title\">reverse_linked_list<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-params\">self<\/span>):<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">if<\/span> self.start_node <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"The list has no element to delete\"<\/span>)\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">return<\/span> \n    p = self.start_node\n    q = p.nref\n    p.nref = <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>\n    p.pref = q\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">while<\/span> q <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">is<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">not<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">None<\/span>:\n        q.pref = q.nref\n        q.nref = p\n        p = q\n        q = q.pref\n    self.start_node = p\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"testingdoublylinkedlistmethods\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%a2%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b4_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d9%81%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c_%d8%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87\"><\/span>\u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u06cc\u0621 the \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>DoublyLinkedList<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list = DoublyLinkedList()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"testinginsertionmethods\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac_%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa\"><\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0633\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.insert_in_emptylist(<span class=\"hljs-number\">50<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f 50 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.traverse_list()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">50\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.insert_at_start(<span class=\"hljs-number\">10<\/span>)\nnew_linked_list.insert_at_start(<span class=\"hljs-number\">5<\/span>)\nnew_linked_list.insert_at_start(<span class=\"hljs-number\">18<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">18\n5\n10\n50\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.insert_at_end(<span class=\"hljs-number\">29<\/span>)\nnew_linked_list.insert_at_end(<span class=\"hljs-number\">39<\/span>)\nnew_linked_list.insert_at_end(<span class=\"hljs-number\">49<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">18\n5\n10\n50\n29\n39\n49 \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>50<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.insert_after_item(<span class=\"hljs-number\">50<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">65<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">18\n5\n10\n50\n65\n29\n39\n49 \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>29<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.insert_before_item(<span class=\"hljs-number\">29<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">100<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">18\n5\n10\n50\n65\n100\n29\n39\n49 \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"testingdeletionmethods\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4_%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%81\"><\/span>\u062a\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.  \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.delete_at_start()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f <code>18<\/code> \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">5\n10\n50\n65\n100\n29\n39\n49 \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.delete_at_end()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">5\n10\n50\n65 \n100 \n29\n39\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <code>delete_element_by_value()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.delete_element_by_value(<span class=\"hljs-number\">65<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f 65 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"testingreversemethod\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4_%d9%85%d8%b9%da%a9%d9%88%d8%b3\"><\/span>\u062a\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>reverse_linked_list()<\/code> \u0631\u0648\u0634.  \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">new_linked_list.reverse_linked_list()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">39\n29\n100\n50\n10\n5 \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%86%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%ac%d9%87\"><\/span>\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f.  \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647  \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u06a9\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>\n                        !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)\n                        {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?\n                        n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};\n                        if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';\n                        n.queue=();t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;\n                        t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)(0);\n                        s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script',\n                        'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/fbevents.js');\n                        fbq('init', '525232124909042');\n                        fbq('track', 'PageView');\n                    <\/script>    (\u0628\u0631\u0686\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647)# python<br \/>\n<br \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 1403-01-24 12:52:03<br \/>\n<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;16392&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;0\\\/5 (0 \u0631\u0627\u06cc)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;30&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} ({count} \u0631\u0627\u06cc)&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 0px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 24px;\">\n            <span class=\"kksr-muted\">\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 10<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647<\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 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