{"id":16430,"date":"2024-01-24T23:58:12","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T20:28:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/"},"modified":"2024-01-24T23:58:12","modified_gmt":"2024-01-24T20:28:12","slug":"%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u0633\u0631\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/p>\n<\/div><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f\" >\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%da%86%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87_%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1_%d9%85%db%8c_%da%a9%d9%86%d8%af\" >\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82\" >\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c\" >\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d8%a7%d8%b2_%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85_%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87_%da%a9%d9%86%db%8c%d9%85%d8%9f\" >\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86\/#%d9%86%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%ac%d9%87\" >\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 5<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647<\/span><\/span><p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div><noscript><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.  \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f import \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 Pythonistas \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0628\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a import \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"whatisimporting\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f\"><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Importing \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.  \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f <em>import<\/em>  \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f <code>NameError<\/code> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\">myPi = math.pi\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 <code>math<\/code> \u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <code>math<\/code> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f import \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> math\n\nmyPi = math.pi\n<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">print<\/span> myPi\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0631\u0627 <code>import<\/code> \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"howimportswork\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%da%86%da%af%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87_%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1_%d9%85%db%8c_%da%a9%d9%86%d8%af\"><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0631\u0627 <code>import<\/code> \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 import \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644  \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f <code>sys.modules<\/code>\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <strong>\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. <code>system.path<\/code>.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f <code>ModuleNotFoundError<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"importstatementsyntax\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 import \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f <code>import<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc.  \u0644\u0637\u0641\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0648 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> mymodule\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 <code>from<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> mypackage <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> mymodule\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <em>\u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u062f<\/em> \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 <em>\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a<\/em>.  \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f <code>mymodule<\/code>\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>mypackage<\/code>.  \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 import \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f import \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f <code>as<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> mymodule <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">as<\/span> oMyFunction\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 (<code>*<\/code>) \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0634\u06cc.  \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f import \u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 <code>math<\/code> \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> math <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> *\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pep8.org\/#imports\">\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"absoluteimports\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d9%85%d8%b7%d9%84%d9%82\"><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f root \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647  \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> package1.firstmodule <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> firstmodule\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> package1.secondmodule.myfunction\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4 id=\"absoluteimportadvantagesanddisadvantages\">\u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.  \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 import \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637 \u06a9\u062f \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <code>sys.path<\/code> \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc root.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a root \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 <code>sys.path<\/code> \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <code>sys.path<\/code> \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0633\u067e\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 &#8220;root \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647&#8221; \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f (\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f)\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f.  \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <code>sys.path<\/code> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627: <code>python -m packA.a2<\/code><\/li>\n<li>sys.path \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> os, sys\nsys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))))\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> packA.subA <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> sa2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 id=\"relativeimports\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%db%8c\"><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 <em>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0636\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 3 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <em>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647<\/em>. <em>\u062a\u06a9 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0647\u0627<\/em> \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. <em>\u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647<\/em> \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f <em>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/em> \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f console.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> other\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> . <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> some_class\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> .subA <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> sa1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> .some_module <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> some_class\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> some_function\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> subA.sa1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4 id=\"relativeimportsandtheiradvantagesanddisadvantages\">\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0622\u0646<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0636\u062d\u06a9 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"hljs\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">from<\/span> ..my_sub_package.my_module <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">import<\/span> my_function\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"whichimporttouse\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%a7%d8%b2_%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85_%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87_%da%a9%d9%86%db%8c%d9%85%d8%9f\"><\/span>\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u061f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u062f \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%86%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%ac%d9%87\"><\/span>\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f import \u06a9\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u06cc\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f process\u060c \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0634\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f import \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.  \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>\n                        !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)\n                        {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?\n                        n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};\n                        if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';\n                        n.queue=();t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;\n                        t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)(0);\n                        s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script',\n                        'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/fbevents.js');\n                        fbq('init', '525232124909042');\n                        fbq('track', 'PageView');\n                    <\/script>    (\u0628\u0631\u0686\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647)# python<br \/>\n<br \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 1403-01-24 23:58:04<br \/>\n<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;16430&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;0\\\/5 (0 \u0631\u0627\u06cc)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;30&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} ({count} \u0631\u0627\u06cc)&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 0px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 24px;\">\n            <span class=\"kksr-muted\">\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 5<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647<\/span><\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f import \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 Pythonistas \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9162,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1743,620],"tags":[1749,1746,1754,1751,1744,2750,4504,2784,4503,1752,4502],"class_list":["post-16430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","category-programming","tag-python","tag-vps-","tag-1754","tag-1751","tag-1744","tag-2750","tag-4504","tag-2784","tag-4503","tag-1752","tag-4502"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16430"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16430\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}