{"id":9842,"date":"2023-12-27T00:08:43","date_gmt":"2023-12-26T20:38:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/"},"modified":"2023-12-27T00:08:43","modified_gmt":"2023-12-26T20:38:43","slug":"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div 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href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%81_%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%da%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c\" >\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%ad%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8_%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b1%db%8c\" >\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" 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href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%aa%db%8c_%da%a9%d9%87_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82_%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%87_%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af\" >\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%aa%db%8c_%da%a9%d9%87_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%aa_%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af\" 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ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%84_sudoers\" >\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 sudoers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%aa_%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86\" >\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c_%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a2%db%8c%d9%86%d8%af\" >\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%b3%db%8c_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%da%af%d8%a7%d9%87_%d8%b3%d8%ae%d8%aa_%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\" >\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%ad%d9%81%d8%b8_%d8%ac%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86\" >\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%87_%d8%b0%d8%ae%db%8c%d8%b1%d9%87_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1\" >\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%a7%d9%84%da%af%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%85_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1\" >\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4_%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1_%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%a8\" >\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1_%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%aa_%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af%d8%b1\" >\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%a2%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%a8_%d9%be%d8%b0%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c_%d8%b3%d8%ae%d8%aa_%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1\" >\u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%a2%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%a8_%d9%be%d8%b0%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c_%d9%86%d8%b1%d9%85_%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1\" >\u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-2\/#%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%87_%db%8c_%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84\" >\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06cc \u0641\u0635\u0644<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 12<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647<\/span><\/span><p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<section class=\"post-content \" data-test-label=\"post-content\">\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 SysAdmin \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0645  \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f: https:\/\/www.freecodecamp.org\/news\/introduction-to-linux\/<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"chapter-18-local-security-principles\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84_18_%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%84_%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%86%db%8c%d8%aa_%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%db%8c\"><\/span>\u0641\u0635\u0644 18: \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"learning-objectives\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%81_%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%da%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c\"><\/span>\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a root (superuser) \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"user-accounts\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ad%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8_%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b1%db%8c\"><\/span>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f (\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 UID) \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0631 UID \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f <strong><strong>useradd<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0648 <strong><strong>userdel <\/strong><\/strong>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646<strong><strong> <\/strong><\/strong>\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/etcpasswd.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc: \/etc\/passwd\" width=\"974\" height=\"457\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0641\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f <strong><strong><strong>\/etc\/passwd<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644:<\/p>\n<p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" style='border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; table-layout: auto; word-break: normal; line-height: 1.4em; width: 944px; margin: 20px auto; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; border: 2px solid white;'>\n<tbody style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#003f60\" width=\"15%\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#003f60\" width=\"40%\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#003f60\" width=\"40%\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/strong><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0646 1 \u062a\u0627 32 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631<span> <\/span><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633<\/strong><span> <\/span>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631<span> <\/span><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style=\"color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><span style='color: rgb(153, 51, 0); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: \"courier new\", courier;'>\/etc\/shadow<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span> <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644) \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u0634\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u062c\u06a9\u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc (UID)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc (UID) \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\n<ul style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); list-style: outside none disc; font-size: 16px;\">\n<li style=\"line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.70788em; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 30px; padding: 0px;\">UID 0 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0631\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/li>\n<li style=\"line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.70788em; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 30px; padding: 0px;\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 UID \u0627\u0632 1 \u062a\u0627 99 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/li>\n<li style=\"line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.70788em; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 30px; padding: 0px;\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 UID \u0627\u0632 100 \u062a\u0627 999 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/li>\n<li style=\"line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.70788em; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 30px; padding: 0px;\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc UID 1000 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 (GID)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 (GID)\u061b  \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631<span> <\/span><span style='color: rgb(153, 51, 0); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: \"courier new\", courier;'><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style=\"color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\">\/etc\/group<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span> <\/span>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<span> <\/span><em style=\"line-height: 1.4em; font-style: italic;\">\u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style=\"color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627: <strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style='color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: \"courier new\", courier;'>\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0627\u06cc<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style=\"color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\">\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627: <span style=\"color: rgb(153, 51, 0); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style='color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: \"courier new\", courier;'>\/home\/rtfirefly<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627:<span style=\"color: rgb(153, 51, 0); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style='color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: \"courier new\", courier;'>\/bin\/bash<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--kg-card-end: html--><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"types-of-accounts\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b9_%d8%ad%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8_%d9%87%d8%a7\"><\/span>\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 <strong><strong>\u0622\u062e\u0631<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0647 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u067e \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/lastoutput.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\" width=\"849\" height=\"472\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"understanding-the-root-account\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%a2%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c_%d8%a8%d8%a7_%d8%a7%da%a9%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa_%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%87\"><\/span>\u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><strong>\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\/\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06af\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648 &#8230; \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0627\u062f.  \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/LFS01_ch18_screen05.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0626\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\" width=\"230\" height=\"250\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 root \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 root \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 &#8221; \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f<strong><strong>#<\/strong><\/strong>(\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong>\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f).  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"operations-requiring-root-privileges\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%aa%db%8c_%da%a9%d9%87_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82_%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%87_%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af\"><\/span>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647<strong><strong> <\/strong><\/strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/LFS01_ch018_screen8.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"LFS01_ch018_screen8\" width=\"472\" height=\"305\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"operations-not-requiring-root-privileges\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%aa%db%8c_%da%a9%d9%87_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%aa_%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af\"><\/span>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong>SUID<\/strong><\/strong>  (<strong><strong>\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/strong>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 et <strong><strong>U<\/strong><\/strong>ser <strong><strong>\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647<\/strong><\/strong>  \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 &#8211; \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc &#8220;\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632) \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 SUID \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f <em><em>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9<\/em><\/em>  (\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f) \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 the <em><em>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631<\/em><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" align=\"center\" style='border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; table-layout: auto; word-break: normal; line-height: 1.4em; width: 849.594px; margin: 20px auto; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; border: 2px solid white;'>\n<tbody style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td width=\"45%\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#003f60\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"45%\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#003f60\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06af\u0631<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc SUID-root<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f<span> <\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\"><span style='color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: \"courier new\", courier;'>passwd<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--kg-card-end: html--><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"comparing-sudo-and-su\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b3%d9%87_sudo_%d9%88_su\"><\/span>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 sudo \u0648 su<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u06cc\u0627 <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 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align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#003f60\" width=\"50%\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0633\u0648<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#003f60\" width=\"50%\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 root \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 root \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u0648 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 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\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.  \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0636\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u062f <strong style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4em;\">\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong>\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e8e8e8\" style=\"vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 15px; border: 2px solid white; font-size: 16px;\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--kg-card-end: html--><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"sudo-features\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%88%db%8c%da%98%da%af%db%8c_%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_sudo\"><\/span>\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc sudo<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648 <\/strong><\/strong>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.  \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 <strong><strong><strong>\/etc\/sudoers<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 <strong><strong><strong>\/etc\/sudoers.d<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 <strong><strong><strong>\/var\/log\/secure<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>) \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc <strong><strong>\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062f<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong>badperson : \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 sudoers .  TTY=pts\/4 ;  PWD=\/var\/log ;  USER=root ;  COMMAND=\/usr\/bin\/tail \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/LFS01_ch18_screen14b.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc sudo\" width=\"273\" height=\"240\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc sudo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"the-sudoers-file\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%81%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%84_sudoers\"><\/span>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 sudoers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <strong><strong>\/etc\/sudoers<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 <strong><strong>\/etc\/sudoers.d<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631 <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0686\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648 <\/strong><\/strong>\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.  \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong><strong>\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u062c\u0627 = (as_whom) \u0686\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><strong>\/etc\/sudoers<\/strong><\/strong>  \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong>\/etc\/sudoers.d<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong>visudo<\/strong><\/strong>\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u062d\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f:<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong><strong># visudo \/etc\/sudoers<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><br \/><strong><strong><strong># visudo -f \/etc\/sudoers.d\/student<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f <strong><strong><strong>\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/sudoerssuse.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 sudoers\" width=\"837\" height=\"806\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 sudoers<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"command-logging\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%aa_%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86\"><\/span>\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u060c <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f <strong><strong><strong>\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u062f\u0631 <strong><strong><strong>\/var\/log\/messages<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0648\/\u06cc\u0627 <strong><strong><strong>\/var\/log\/secure<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f <strong><strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 log \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong><strong>\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 8 14:20:47 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 1 sudo: op : TTY=pts\/6 PWD=\/var\/log USER=root COMMAND=\/usr\/bin\/whoami<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/varlogsecure.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"varlogsecure\" width=\"865\" height=\"428\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"process-isolation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c_%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a2%db%8c%d9%86%d8%af\"><\/span>\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.  \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.  \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f (\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a).<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 (cgroups)<br \/>\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 cgroup \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641<br \/>\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 (\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0631) \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631 cgroup \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc<br \/>\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 (\u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc) \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/LFS01_ch18_screen18.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\" width=\"461\" height=\"339\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"hardware-device-access\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%b3%db%8c_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%da%af%d8%a7%d9%87_%d8%b3%d8%ae%d8%aa_%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 (\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f) \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 (\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f) \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <strong><strong>\/dev<\/strong><\/strong>  \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f <strong><strong>\/dev\/sd*<\/strong><\/strong>.  \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong><strong># echo hello world > \/dev\/sda1<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.  \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/lsdevsdcentos.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc\" width=\"865\" height=\"314\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"keeping-current\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ad%d9%81%d8%b8_%d8%ac%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86\"><\/span>\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634 \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.  \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/LFS01_ch018_screen20.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\" width=\"173\" height=\"202\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u200c\u0645\u0634\u06cc \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u062f.  \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"how-passwords-are-stored\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%87_%d8%b0%d8%ae%db%8c%d8%b1%d9%87_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1\"><\/span>\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f <strong><strong><strong>\/etc\/passwd<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/LFS01_ch18_screen21.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\" width=\"446\" height=\"464\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n<p><strong><strong>\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f <strong><strong>\/etc\/shadow<\/strong><\/strong>.  \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"password-algorithm\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%da%af%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%85_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1\"><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 SHA-512 (\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 512 \u0628\u06cc\u062a) \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0698\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 (NSA) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 SHA-512 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 TLS\u060c SSL\u060c PHP\u060c SSH\u060c S\/MIME \u0648 IPSec.  SHA-512 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc SHA-512 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 &#8220;test&#8221; \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f. <strong><strong><strong>sha512sum<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0645 SHA-512 (\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f):<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/sha512rhel7.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631: sha512sum\" width=\"685\" height=\"105\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631: sha512sum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"good-password-practices\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b4_%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1_%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%a8\"><\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <strong><strong><strong>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong>\u067e<\/strong><\/strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644 <strong><strong>\u0622<\/strong><\/strong>\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a <strong><strong>\u0645<\/strong><\/strong>\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 (<strong><strong>PAM<\/strong><\/strong>).  PAM \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a <strong><strong>passwd <\/strong><\/strong>\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc PAM \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f <strong><strong><strong>pam_cracklib.so<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u062f <strong><strong><strong>pam_passwdqc.so<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f John The Ripper \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.  \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/chagesuse.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 chage\" width=\"754\" height=\"277\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><figcaption>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 chage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"requiring-boot-loader-passwords\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%b2_%d8%a8%d9%87_%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%b2_%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1_%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%aa_%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af%d8%b1\"><\/span>\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc BIOS \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. <strong><strong>\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/strong>  \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062a \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0644\u0645.  \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rasanegar.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/password.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt=\"\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f: \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\" width=\"550\" height=\"299\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc GRUB 1\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f <strong><strong>\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/strong>.<strong><strong> <\/strong><\/strong>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 GRUB 2\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0634\u062f.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 (\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong><strong>grub.cfg<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u061b  \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong><strong>\/etc\/grub.d<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0648 <strong><strong><strong>\/etc\/defaults\/grub<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\u060c \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f <strong><strong>\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc-\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/strong>\u060c \u06cc\u0627 <code><strong><strong>grub2-mkconfig<\/strong><\/strong><\/code> \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u060c \u067e\u0633\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f: <em><em>&#8220;\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 GRUB 2&#8221;<\/em><\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"hardware-vulnerability\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%a2%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%a8_%d9%be%d8%b0%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c_%d8%b3%d8%ae%d8%aa_%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1\"><\/span>\u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0641\u062a\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062b\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f<br \/>\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.  \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647<br \/>\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 DVD \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f USB \u0628\u0648\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0642 (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc) \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0632 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class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u06a9\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u06af\u0647\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.  \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 (\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0632) \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.  \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 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id=\"chapter-summary\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%87_%db%8c_%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84\"><\/span>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06cc \u0641\u0635\u0644<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u0644 18 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a <strong><strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc <strong><strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>  \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u060c <strong><strong>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/strong><\/strong>  \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f <strong><strong>\/var\/log\/auth.log<\/strong><\/strong>  \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 <strong><strong>\/var\/log\/messages<\/strong><\/strong>  \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 SHA-512 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u06cc.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 (PAM) \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <strong><strong>passwd<\/strong><\/strong>  \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f (\u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f).<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 1402-12-27 00:08:04<br \/>\n<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;9842&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;0\\\/5 (0 \u0631\u0627\u06cc)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;30&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a 2&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} ({count} \u0631\u0627\u06cc)&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 0px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 30px; height: 30px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 24px;\">\n            <span class=\"kksr-muted\">\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 12<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647<\/span><\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 SysAdmin \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":9843,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[207,95],"tags":[1856,1291,1869,2051,1986,1847,1846,2514,467,2492,1854,1868],"class_list":["post-9842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-infra","category-linux","tag-linux-vps","tag--linux","tag----linux","tag-2051","tag-1986","tag-1847","tag-1846","tag-2514","tag-467","tag-2492","tag-1854"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9842","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9842"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9842\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9843"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9842"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9842"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rasanegaar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9842"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}